Where one cold snap can take a vintage, seventeen Canadian estates farm organically, and five biodynamically

B.C.'s Organic Certification Regulation took effect on September 1, 2018: B.C. organic food and beverage products marketed exclusively within B.C. require organic certification, and B.C. grown or processed organic products exported to other provinces or internationally must be certified organic under the federal Organic Products Regulations (Province of British Columbia)

Under the Canada Organic Regime, certification bodies must publish the name, contact details, certification status and certified products of each organic operator in an online directory such as a searchable database or spreadsheet; policy dated 29 July 2019, implemented from fall 2020 (Canadian Food Inspection Agency)

On February 1, 2000 Québec created its first reserved designation, Organic; any agri-food product designated Organic in Québec must comply with a provincial specifications manual and the Canadian standards and be certified by an accredited body (Conseil des appellations réservées et des termes valorisants)

Vin du Québec was recognised as a Protected Geographical Indication on November 17, 2018; it is made solely from hybrid and Vitis vinifera varieties grown in the delimited area, and a vineyard must produce at least 50 per cent of the total weight of fresh grapes or must used in its wines (CARTV)

In Québec, the more cold-resistant vines are protected by snow, which insulates them, and the less resistant vines by geotextile membranes at the foot of the plant; hardy varieties survive down to -30°C and Vitis vinifera suffers damage below -22°C (Vins du Québec)

VQA Ontario wine is made from 100 per cent Ontario-grown grapes (Ontario Wine Appellation Authority)

The Niagara Peninsula has the largest planted area of all viticultural areas in Canada, 13,600 acres; Lake Ontario moderates air temperatures year-round, lake breezes prevent spring frost and extend the autumn, and the Niagara Escarpment rises to about 177 metres; the appellation contains three regional appellations and ten sub-appellations (Ontario Wine Appellation Authority)

Prince Edward County was defined as a VQA appellation of origin in 2007; it is separated from the mainland by the Bay of Quinte and surrounded by Lake Ontario, on clay loam to sandy loam soils over limestone bedrock with shale fragments; Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris and Cabernet Franc are common varieties (Ontario Wine Appellation Authority)

British Columbia has 1,234 vineyards with 12,681 acres (5,132 hectares) planted, and nine geographical indications (Wine BC)

The Okanagan Valley has 10,920 acres planted and 196 licensed grape wineries; the Similkameen Valley has 768 acres planted and 13 licensed grape wineries; Vancouver Island has 321 acres planted and 17 licensed grape wineries (Wine BC)

Vancouver Island is home to Canada's only maritime Mediterranean climatic zone, with wet winters and warm, dry summers; its main cool-climate varieties include Pinot Gris, Pinot Noir and Marechal Foch; the Cowichan Valley is its official sub-region (Wine BC)

On March 30, 2015 the Golden Mile Bench, near Oliver in the Okanagan Valley, became British Columbia's first sub-geographical indication; at least 95 per cent of the grapes must come from the area to use the name on a label (Province of British Columbia)

Officially launched in June 2012, Tidal Bay is the first wine appellation for Nova Scotia; the wines include 100 per cent Nova Scotia-grown grapes from approved varieties, follow a strict set of standards with alcohol no more than 11 per cent, and are approved every year by an independent blind tasting panel (Wine Growers Nova Scotia)

Winter injury is a common weather risk for grape growers in Ontario, which is considered a cool-climate area for viticulture; Vitis vinifera varieties are more vulnerable to cold, with most damage occurring below -22°C (Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Agribusiness)

Temperatures in British Columbia fell well below -20°C between January 11 and 15, 2024; Wines of British Columbia and a consulting firm projected a 97 to 99 per cent decrease in grape and wine production across the province (CBC News, 15 February 2024)

VQA Icewine grapes must be naturally frozen on the vine and harvested and pressed in a continuous process while the air temperature remains at or below -8°C, monitored by a VQA-appointed agent (Wine Country Ontario)

Pesticides are overwhelmingly derived from fossil fuels and their manufacture is energy-intensive, and a warming climate raises pest and disease pressure, which raises pesticide use in turn

The loop between the two: emissions from pesticide manufacture and use contribute to warming, and warming drives further pesticide use